Base Syntax

Package and class name

You don't have to declare package name and class name in the code.Kalang use the directory name as package name and the file name as class name.For example,the file /src/foo/bar/Helloworld.kl means that the package name is foo.bar , the main class name is Helloworld and the full class name is foo.bar.Helloworld,if the source root is /src.

Keywords

abstract as assert boolean break byte case catch

char class const constructor continue default do

double else enum extends final finally float for

foreach goto if implements import in instanceof

int interface long mixin native new null override

package private protected public return short static

strictfp super switch synchronized this throw throws

transient try val var void volatile while with

Identifiers

Normal identifiers

Identifiers must start with a letter or an underscore.

For example:

var name = "kalang";
var _length = 4;

Quoted identifiers

Quoted identifiers could be use as field name or method name.

For example:

System."in".read();
System.out."println"("hello");

Strings

Double-quoted string

val str = "hello,kalang\n";

Triple-single-quoted string(support multiline)

val text = '''Hello
Kalang
''';

Interpolation

var name = "kalang";
println( "hello,${name}!" );//output:hello,kalang!

Numbers

byte a = 1;
char b = 2;
short c = 3;
int d = 4;
long e = 5;

Booleans

var t = true;
var f = false;

Arrays

var intArray = [1,2,3];                    //int[]
var integerArray= <Integer>[1,2,3];        //Integer[]
var stringArray = ["hello","world"];       //String[]

int[] arr = new int[10];             //length is 10
int[] arr2 = new int[]{1,2,3};       //arr2 is initialized and it's length is 3

Maps

var objectMap = ["name":"kalang","year":2016];          //Map<String,Object>
var stringMap = ["name":"kalang","type":"language"];    //Map<String,String>
var ov = objectMap.get("name");                         //ov is Object type
var sv = stringMap.get("name");                         //sv is String type

Import classes

Import single class:

import foo.bar.Helloworld;

Import using alias:

import foo.bar.HelloKalang as KL;

Import all classes in package:

import foo.bar.*;

Declare class

Define a normal class:

//define a class,default modifier is public
class{
    //declare fields and methods
}

Define a generic class:

class<T>{
    //...
}

Extend and implement:

class extends Object implements List<String>{
    //...
}

Write as a script:

println("Hello,world");

Declare method

int sum(int a,int b){
    return a+b;
}

Declare variable

Declare a int variable

var a = 1;

Declare a string variable

var b = String.format("%d",2);

Declare a immutable int variable

val ia = 3;

Declare a variable with specified type and initial value

var obj as Object = "hello";

Destructuring variables declaration

//same as: val length = "ABCD".length(); val bytes = "ABCD".bytes();
val {length,bytes} = "ABCD";

//same as: val firstVar = 1; val secondVar = 2;
val [firstVar, secondVar] = [1,2];

Loop

For loop:

for(var i=0;i<9;i++){
    println(i);
}

Foreach loop

for (v in [1,2,3]){
    println("value:${v}");
}
for (v,i in [1,2,3]){
    println("index:${i},value:${v}");
}

Loop invoke

var arr = ["a","ab","abc"];
var lens = arr*.length();//lens will be [1,2,3]

While loop:

while(expression){
    //do some thing
}

Do loop:

do{
//do some thing
}while(expression);

Try statement

try {
    // do some thing
} catch (Exception ex) {
    println(ex);
} finally {
    
}

try (val os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
    // do some thing
}

Comments

//line comment

/*
multi-line comment
*/

Null safe

void hello(String? name){
    name.length();           //compile error:name may be null
    if(name!=null){
        name.length();       //compile passed:name is null checked
    }
}

Default for nullable expression

val s as String? = null;
println(s ?? "test");     //output: test

Cast type automatically

Object s = "hello";
if(s instanceof String){
    s.chars();//the type of s is changed from Object to String automatically
}

Closures

Closures supports up to 8 parameters.

void sayHello(String name,&Void(String) callback) {
    callback("Hello,${name}");
}

sayHello("kalang" , result => println(result));

val sayHi as &Void(String) = (name) => {
    println("Hi,${name}");
};
sayHi("kalang");

Mixin method

A mixin method is a static method which could be use like a non-static method.

For example:

val array = <Integer>[1,2,3];

// change an Integer array to an Integer list.
// same as: val list = CollectionMixin.asList(array);
val list = array..asList();

// sum an Integer list.
// same as: val sum = CollectionMixin.sumInt(list);
val sum = list..sumInt();

// read text from a file.
// same as: val text = IOMixin.readToString(new File("hello.txt"), "utf8");
val text = new File("hello.txt")..readToString("utf8");

All built-in mixin methods could be found in kalang.mixin package.